Mulberry Leaf Extract
Mulberry Leaf as Human Food
Srivastava S, Kapoor R, Thathola A, Sriyastaya RP. Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves as human food: a new dimension of sericulture. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003 Nov;54(4):411–6.
Mulberry Leaves as Antioxidants and Neuroprotective Agents
Niidome T, Takahashi K, Goto Y, Goh S, Tanaka N, Kamei K, et al. Mulberry leaf extract prevents amyloid beta-peptide fibril formation and neurotoxicity. Neuroreport. 2007 May 28;18(8):813–6.
Kang TH, Oh HR, Jung SM, Ryu JH, Park MW, Park YK, Kim SY. Enhancement of neuroprotection of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) prepared by the anaerobic treatment against ischemic damage. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Feb;29(2):270–4.
Tewari RK, Kumar P, Sharma PN. Antioxidant responses to enhanced generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide in the copper-stressed mulberry plants. Planta 2006 May;223(6):1145–53. Epub 2005 Nov 15.
Choi EM, Hwang JK. Effects of Morus alba leaf extract on the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. Fitoterapia. 2005 Dec;76(7-8):608–13. Epub 2005 Oct 17.
Sharma R, Sharma A, Shono T, Takasugi M, Shirata A, Fujimora T, Machii H. Mulberry moracins: scavengers of UV stress-generated free radicals. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Jun;65(6):1402–5.
Mulberry Leaf in Lowering Lipidemia and Improving Blood Vessel Health
Chen J, Li X. Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from mulberry leaves in triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic mice.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:290–4.
Harauma A, Murayama T, Ikeyama K, Sano H, Arai H, Takano R, et al. Mulberry leaf powder prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jul 6;358(3):751–6. Epub 2007 May 7.
Enkhmaa B, Shiwaku K, Katsube T, Kitajima K, Anuurad E, Yamasaki M, Yamane Y.Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves and their major flavonol quercetin 3-(6-malonylglucoside) attenuate atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Nutr. 2005 Apr;135(4):729–34.
Doi K, Kojima T. and Fujimoto Y. Mulberry leaf extract inhibits the oxidative modification of rabbit and human low density lipoprotein. Bio Pharm Bull. 2000 Sep;23(9):1066–71.
Mulberry Leaf and Blood Sugar Management
Andallu B, Varadacharyulu NC. Gluconeogenic substrates and hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: effect of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves.J Med Food. 2007 Mar;10(1):41–8.
Kimura T, Nakagawa K, Kubota H, Kojima Y, Goto Y, Yamagishi K, et al. Food-grade mulberry powder enriched with 1-deoxynojirimycin suppresses the elevation of postprandial blood glucose in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jul 11;55(14):5869–74. Epub 2007 Jun 8.
Mudra M, Ercan-Fang N, Zhong L, Furne J, Levitt M. Influence of mulberry leaf extract on the blood glucose and breath hydrogen response to ingestion of 75 g sucrose by type 2 diabetic and control subjects. Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1272–4. Epub 2007 Feb 15.
Hansawasdi C, Kawabata J. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves on Caco-2. Fitoterapia. 2006 Dec;77(7-8):568–73. Epub 2006 Sep 22.
Oku T, Yamada M, Nakamura M, Sadamori N, Nakamura S. Inhibitory effects of extractives from leaves of Morus alba on human and rat small intestinal disaccharidase activity. Br J Nutr. 2006 May;95(5):933–8.
Hu ML, Wang RJ. Antioxidant role of mulberry leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Oct;348(1-2):215; author reply 217-8. [No abstract available.]
Miyahara C, Miyazawa M, Satoh S, Sakai A, Mizusaki S. Inhibitory effects of mulberry leaf extract on postprandial hyperglycemia in normal rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004 Jun;50(3):161–4.
Murata K, Yatsunami K, Fukuda E, Onodera S, Mizukami O, Hoashino G, Kamei T. Antihyperglycemic effects of propolis mixed with mulberry leaf extract on patients with type 2 diabetes. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004;10:78–9.
Sakuramata Y, Oe H, Husano S, Aki O. Effects of combination of Caiapo with other plant-derived substance on anti-diabetic efficacy in KK-Ay mice. Biofactors. 2004; 22:149–52.
Andallu B, Varadacharyulu NCh. Antioxidant role of mulberry (Morus indica L. cv. Anantha) leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta. 2003 Dec; 338(1-2):3–10.
Andallu R, Varadacharyulu NCh. Control of hyperglycemia and retardation of cataract by mulberry (morus indica L.) leaves in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Indian J. Exp Biol. 2002; 40:791–5.
Andallu B, Suryakantham V, Lakshmi SB, Reddy GK. Effect of mulberry (Morus indica L.) therapy on plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta. 2001; 314: 47–53.
Asano N, Yamashita T, Yasuda K, Ikeda K, Kizu H, Kameda Y, et al. Polyhydroxylated alkaloids isolated from mulberry trees (Morusalba L.) and silkworms (Bombyx mori L.). J. Agric Food Chem. 2001; 49:4208–13.
Taniguchi S, Asano N, Tomino F, Miwa I. Potentiation of glucose-induced insulin secretion by fagomine, a pseudo-sugar isolated from mulberry leaves. Horm Metab Res 1998; 30:679–83.
Asano N., Oseki K, Tomioka E, Kizu H, Matsui K. N-containing sugars from Morus alba and their glycosidase inhibitory activities. Carbohydr Res. 1994; 259:243–55.
Cissus Sicyoides (Insulina)
Cissus sicyoides in Folk Medicine
Cano JH, Volpato G. Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of eastern Cuba. J Ethnopharmacol.. 2004 Feb;90(2-3):293–316.
Quílez AM, Saenz MT, García MD, de la Puerta R. Phytochemical analysis and anti-allergic study of Agave intermixta Trel. and Cissus sicyoides L.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004 Sep;56(9):1185–9.
Cissus sicyoides in Reducing Blood Triglycerides
Viana GS, Medeiros AC, Lacerda AM, Leal LK, Vale TG, Matos FJ. Hypoglycemic and anti-lipemic effects of the aqueous extract from Cissus sicyoides. BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 8;4:9.
Cissus sicyoides and Diabetes
Miura T, Shindou C, Zhang WP, Suzuki I, Ishida. Anti-diabetic activity of Cissus sicyoides in KK-Ay mice. J. Tradit Med. 2006; 23(3):89–91.
Pepato MT, Baviera AM, Vendramini RC, Perez Mda P, Kettelhut Ido C, Brunetti IL.
Cissus sicyoides (princess vine) in the long-term treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003 Feb;37(Pt 1):15–20.
Nishikawa Y, Kashiuchi N, Takata Y, Uenakai K, Horina M, Matsuura T. Alpha glucosidases inhibitory activity of Insulina leaf extracts. J. Japanese Soc. of Nutrition and Food Sci. 2003;56(6):375–378 [In Japanese].
Mori T, Nishikawa Y, TakataY, Kashiuchi N, Ishihara N. Effect of insulina leaf extract on development of diabetes: Comparison between normal, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and hereditary diabetic mice. J. Japanese Soc. of Nutrition and Food Sci. 2001;54(4):197–203 [In Japanese].
Alpha Lipoic Acid
Alpha Lipoic Acid Improves Insulin Sensitivity
Kamenova P. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid. Hormones (Athens). 2006 Oct-Dec;5(4):251–8.
Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000 Autumn;2(3):401-13 [Review].
Jacob S, Ruus P, Hermann R, Tritschler HJ, Maerker E, Renn W, et al. Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Aug;27(3-4):309–14.
Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Schiemann AL, Simon I, Clancy DE, Tritschler HJ, et al. Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 Aug;45(8):872–4.
Alpha Lipoic Acid in Relieving Diabetes-related Nerve Damage
Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, Hasche H, Lobisch M, Schütte K, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy.
Diabetes Care. 1999 Aug;22(8):1296–301.
Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F, Gries FA, Ulrich H, Reichel G. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Deutsche Kardiale Autonome Neuropathie.
Diabetes Care. 1997 Mar;20(3):369–73.
Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, Meissner HP, Lobisch M, Schütte K, Gries FA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia. 1995 Dec;38(12):1425–33.
Alpha Lipoic Acid as Mitochondrial Antioxidant
Jia L, Liu Z, Sun L, Miller SS, Ames BN, Cotman CW, Liu J. Acrolein, a toxicant in cigarette smoke, causes oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in RPE cells: protection by (R)-alpha-lipoic acid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Jan;48(1):339–48.
Palaniappan AR, Dai A. Mitochondrial ageing and the beneficial role of alpha-lipoic acid. Neurochem Res. 2007 Sep;32(9):1552–8. Epub 2007 May 3.
Wenzel P, Hink U, Oelze M, Schuppan S, Schaeuble K, Schildknecht S, et al. Role of reduced lipoic acid in the redox regulation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) activity. Implications for mitochondrial oxidative stress and nitrate tolerance. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 5;282(1):792–9. Epub 2006 Nov 13.
Cakatay U. Pro-oxidant actions of alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(1):110–7. Epub 2005 Sep 13.
Mythili Y, Sudharsan PT, Varalakshmi P. dl-alpha-lipoic acid ameliorates cyclophosphamide induced cardiac mitochondrial injury. Toxicology. 2005 Nov 5;215(1-2):108–14. Epub 2005 Aug 8.
Ames BN. Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun;1019:406–11 [Review].
Cissus Quadrangularis
Cissus Quadrangularis Inhibits Gastric Acid Secretion
Jainu M, Vijai Mohan K, Shyamala Devi CS. Gastroprotective effect of Cissus quadrangularis extract in rats with experimentally induced ulcer. Indian J Med Res. 2006 Jun;123(6):799–806.
Jainu M, Devi CS. Gastroprotective action of Cissus quadrangularis extract against NSAID induced gastric ulcer: role of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage. Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Jul 10;161(3):262–70. Epub 2006 May 1.
Anti-Ulcer (antacid) Drugs Reduce Appetite and Weight Gain
Støa-Birketvedt G, Paus PN, Ganss R, Ingebretsen OC, Florholmen J. Cimetidine reduces weight and improves metabolic control in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Nov;22(11):1041–5.
Støa-Birketvedt G, Løvhaug N, Vonen B, Florholmen J. H2-receptor antagonist reduces food intake and weight gain in rats by non-gastric acid secretory mechanisms. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997 Dec;161(4):489–94.
Støa-Birketvedt G. Effect of cimetidine suspension on appetite and weight in overweight subjects. BMJ. 1993 Apr 24;306(6885):1091–3.
Fox MT, Gerrelli D, Shivalkar P, Jacobs DE. Effect of omeprazole treatment on feed intake and blood gastrin and pepsinogen levels in the calf. Res Vet Sci. 1989 Mar;46(2):280–2.
Cissus Quadrangularis and Weight Loss
Oben JE, Enyegue DM, Fomekong GI, Soukontoua YB, Agbor GA. The effect of Cissus quadrangularis (CQR-300) and a Cissus formulation (CORE) on obesity and obesity-induced oxidative stress. Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Feb 4;6:4.
Oben J, Kuate D, Agbor G, Momo C, Talla X. The use of a Cissus quadrangularis formulation in the management of weight loss and metabolic syndrome. Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Sep 2;5:24.
Banaba Leaf Extract
Banaba and its Mechanisms in Glucose Metabolism
Yamada K, Hosokawa M, Fujimoto S, Fujiwara H, Fujita Y, Harada N, et al. Effect of corosolic acid on gluconeogenesis in rat liver. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Jan 3[e publication ahead of print].
Fukushima M, Matsuyama F, Ueda N, Egawa K, Takemoto J, Kajimoto Y, et al. Effect of corosolic acid on postchallenge plasma glucose levels. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006 Aug;73(2):174–7.
Miura T, Itoh Y, Kaneko T, Ueda N, Ishida T, Fukushima M, et al. Corosolic acid induces GLUT4 translocation in genetically type 2 diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Jul;27(7):1103–5.
Hosoyama H, Sugimoto A, Suzuki Y, Sakane I, Kakuda T. Isolation and quantitative analysis of the alpha-amylase inhibitor in Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Banaba). Yakugaku Zasshi. 2003 Jul;123(7):599–605 [In Japanese].
Banaba and Mulberry Leaves
Park MY, Lee KS, Sung MK. Effects of dietary mulberry, Korean red ginseng, and banaba on glucose homeostasis in relation to PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and LPL mRNA expressions. Life Sci. 2005 Nov 12;77(26):3344–54. Epub 2005 Jun 23.
Banaba and Diabetes
Judy WV, Hari SP, Stogsdill WW, Judy JS, Naguib YM, Passwater R. Antidiabetic activity of a standardized extract (Glucosol) from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves in Type II diabetics. A dose-dependence study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jul;87(1):115–7.
Suzuki Y, Unno T, Ushitani M, Hayashi K, Kakuda T. Antiobesity activity of extracts from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves on female KK-Ay mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 Dec;45(6):791–5.
Kakuda T, Sakane I, Takihara T, Ozaki Y, Takeuchi H, Kuroyanagi M. Hypoglycemic effect of extracts from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves in genetically diabetic KK-AY mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996 Feb;60(2):204–8.
Chromium
Chromium Levels in the HumanBody
Roussel AM, Andriollo-Sanchez M, Ferry M, Bryden NA, Anderson RA. Food chromium content, dietary chromium intake and related biological variables in French free-living elderly. Br J Nutr. 2007 Aug;98(2):326–31. Epub 2007 Apr 3.
Rajpathak S, Rimm EB, Li T, Morris JS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Lower toenail chromium in men with diabetes and cardiovascular disease compared with healthy men. Diabetes Care. 2004 Sep;27(9):2211–6.
Chromium Clinical Studies
Wang ZQ, Qin J, Martin J, Zhang XH, Sereda O, Anderson RA, Pinsonat P, Cefalu WT. Phenotype of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus may determine clinical response to chromium supplementation. Metabolism. 2007 Dec;56(12):1652–5.
Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Wachtel D, Volaufova J, Matthews DE, Cefalu WT.
Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1826–32.
Pei D, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, Li JC, Lee CH, Kuo SW. The influence of chromium chloride-containing milk to glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism. 2006 Jul;55(7):923–7.
Biological Functions of Various Forms of Chromium
Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Russell JC, Hulver M, Cefalu WT. Chromium picolinate enhances skeletal muscle cellular insulin signaling in vivo in obese, insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. J Nutr. 2006 Feb;136(2):415–20.
Yang X, Palanichamy K, Ontko AC, Rao MN, Fang CX, Ren J, Sreejayan N. A newly synthetic chromium complex—chromium(phenylalanine)3 improves insulin responsiveness and reduces whole body glucose tolerance. FEBS Lett. 2005 Feb 28;579(6):1458–64.
Shinde Urmila A, Sharma G, Xu Yan J, Dhalla Naranjan S, Goyal Ramesh K. Anti-diabetic activity and mechanism of action of chromium chloride. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2004 May;112(5):248–52.
Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD, Priest J. Dietary chromium tripicolinate supplementation reduces glucose concentrations and improves glucose tolerance in normal-weight cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2002 Mar;4(1):13–25.
Molecular Mechanisms of Chromium
Horvath EM, Tackett L, McCarthy AM, Raman P, Brozinick JT, Elmendorf JS. Antidiabetogenic effects of chromium mitigate hyperinsulinemia-induced cellular insulin resistance via correction of plasma membrane cholesterol imbalance. Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Dec 28; [Epub ahead of print].
Wang H, Kruszewski A, Brautigan DL. Cellular chromium enhances activation of insulin receptor kinase. Biochemistry. 2005 Jun 7;44(22):8167–75.
Chromium Used in Combination with Alpha Lipoic Acid
Budhwar R, Kumar S. Prevention of chromate induced oxidative stress by alpha-lipoic acid. Indian J Exp Biol. 2005 Jun;43(6):531–5.
Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. Complementary therapies for diabetes: the case for chromium, magnesium, and antioxidants. Arch Med Res. 2005 May-Jun;36(3):250–7 [Review].
Chen F, Ye J, Zhang X, Rojanasakul Y, Shi X. One-electron reduction of chromium(VI) by alpha-lipoic acid and related hydroxyl radical generation, dG hydroxylation and nuclear transcription factor-kappaB activation. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Feb 15;338(2):165–72.
Vitamin B1 and B6
Booth AA, Khalifah RG, Todd P, Hudson BG.
In vitro kinetic studies of formation of antigenic advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Novel inhibition of post-Amadori glycation pathways.
J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 28;272(9):5430-7.
Booth AA, Khalifah RG, Hudson BG.
Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxamine inhibit the formation of antigenic advanced glycation end-products: comparison with aminoguanidine.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Mar 7;220(1):113-9.
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 and Diabetes-related Nerve Damage
Sun Y, Lai MS, Lu CJ. Effectiveness of vitamin B12 on diabetic neuropathy: systematic review of clinical controlled trials. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2005 Jun;14(2):48–54.
Diabetes and Homocysteine Level and B12 deficiency
Fitzgerald MA. Drug-induced vitamin B12 deficiency. Nurse Pract. 2007 Sep;32(9):6–7. [No abstract available.]
Lin HY, Chung CY, Chang CS, Wang ML, Lin JS, Shen MC. Hyperhomocysteinemia, deep vein thrombosis and vitamin B12 deficiency in a metformin-treated diabetic patient. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007 Sep;106(9):774–8.
Liu KW, Dai LK, Jean W. Metformin-related vitamin B12 deficiency. Age Ageing. 2006 Mar;35(2):200–1.
Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid in Managing Homocysteine Levels
Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Micks M, et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1567–77. Epub 2006 Mar 12.
Stanger O, Herrmann W, Pietrzik K, Fowler B, Geisel J, Dierkes J, et al. DACH-LIGA homocystein (German, Austrian and Swiss homocysteine society): consensus paper on the rational clinical use of homocysteine, folic acid and B-vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases: guidelines and recommendations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003 Nov;41(11):1392–403 [Review].
